Caroline Richards, editor, Ophthalmology Times Europe®

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Caroline Richards, editor of Ophthalmology Times Europe®, interviews Dr Lamis Baydoun on how corneal transplantation has changed-and what has been learned-since the introduction of Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK)

A high number of corneal diseases only affect the inner layers of the cornea, that is, the Descemet membrane (DM) and endothelium. Until a few years ago, full-thickness corneal transplants-or penetrating keratoplasty (PKP)-typically took place, irrespective of whether the disease affected one or all layers. However, surgeons can now replace just the diseased parts with corresponding layers from healthy donor tissue in posterior lamellar corneal transplantation procedures.

Dr Lamis Baydoun, former head of academy and corneal surgeon at the Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery (NIIOS) in Rotterdam, has been heavily involved in developments with posterior lamellar keratoplasty and the most recent type of corneal surgery to spring from this, Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). At NIIOS, she taught dozens of surgeons across the world how to perform DMEK surgery, and her research continues to push the field forward.

Gerrit Melles is the founder of NIIOS and is regarded the ‘Pope’ of lamellar endothelial surgery. For 100 years, corneal surgeons performed only full-thickness penetrating keratoplasty-there was no other option to treat patients who have only one diseased layer. 

The results of Dr Melles’ experiments and his first surgeries opened up the field of endothelial keratoplasty. This started with deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty (DLEK), then Descemet stripping (automated) endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK/DSAEK) and, finally, DMEK, the latest and most precise innovation, where you can practically restore the normal corneal anatomy.

HOW HAVE OPHTHALMOLOGISTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF DMEK CHANGED OVER TIME?

Many corneal surgeons were reluctant to adopt it at first. They were very uncomfortable with the technique and the graft itself, and perceived several obstacles.

Firstly, it was very difficult to recover the DMEK graft from a donor cornea. Secondly, the possibility of the graft unfolding during surgery incited fear in learning this technique because every time the delicate graft is touched, the corneal endothelial cells that are required to clear the cornea may be damaged.

The management of a new post-operative complication such as graft detachment (i.e., separation of the DMEK graft from the posterior stroma) was another concern. Patients faced complications that just did not occur with full-thickness penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) transplants, so surgeons felt they were far more comfortable remaining with the older technique.

However, over the longer term, the benefits of DMEK over all previous keratoplasty techniques were so overwhelming that the method could not be ignored any more-you could actually reach a level of visual outcomes that were comparable to those seen following lens or even refractive surgery! We had some very happy patients following the procedures. And when the patient is happy, of course, us doctors are also very happy.

WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES FOR OPHTHALMOLOGISTS WHO ARE NEW TO THE PROCEDURE?

It is worth mentioning that the technique is now becoming much easier to master. Dr Melles first performed the surgery in 2006, so we have 13 years of experience to draw on, and during this time period we developed a standardised procedure and learnt how to handle the graft and complications better.

However, it is, of course, a challenge for surgeons starting out with performing DMEK. This is why courses are offered in Rotterdam: to teach surgeons tips and tricks, and help them to get over common obstacles, thus enabling them to adapt to DMEK surgery more quickly.

The main issue beginner surgeons have is knowing which graft side is the right side up. This is a key step for a successful surgery, and certain intraoperative signs can help indicate the correct graft orientation.

An intraoperative OCT (iOCT) may be a useful tool during the DMEK learning curve to visualise graft orientation and positioning. Once the surgeons are familiar with the technique and the surgical set-up, they do not necessarily need to use it, although it may remain a helpful tool in eyes with very, very edematous corneas.

WHICH DISEASES ARE BEST TREATED WITH DMEK?

The answer to this is: all diseases that concern the corneal endothelium. So, the cornea normally consists of five layers. Going from the outside to inside, you have: the epithelium; the Bowman layer; the stroma; the Descemet membrane; and finally the endothelium-and these final two layers are replaced in endothelial diseases.

There is one disease-Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy-which is very common and effectively treated with DMEK, showing outstanding results. Then there is bullous keratopathy, which usually occurs when corneal endothelial cells are damaged during certain eye operations; for example, during surgery to treat glaucoma or remove cataracts. This is another disease that is well treated with DMEK.

WHAT SHOULD PATIENTS EXPECT WHEN THEY ARE TOLD THEY NEED LAMELLAR CORNEAL SURGERY SUCH AS DMEK?

Patients can expect a minimally invasive treatment. Rather than excising the whole cornea and having the eye open during surgery, the surgeon will make only minimal, small incisions, entering  the eye with small instruments to remove the diseased layers before inserting a healthy donor graft.

Following this, the surgeon unfolds the graft before attaching it with an air bubble to the posterior stroma of the patient. This was actually how this surgery became so successful: previously, the graft was attached with sutures. These sutures can irritate the eye and induce inflammation, leading to possible transplant rejection.

Attaching the graft with an air bubble eliminates this problem, providing patients with a less traumatic surgery, and, after that, faster rehabilitation with better visual outcomes. From our experience at NIIOS, the graft can detach in about 10% of cases; however, not all cases may need a re-bubbling procedure. In my experience, graft detachment has become a controlled complication.

WHAT LESSONS HAVE YOU LEARNT SINCE THE FIRST PROCEDURE WAS PERFORMED?

What I have learnt is to no longer be afraid of the graft! This is something that at first is quite frightening. You are afraid of touching the graft and fearful because it behaves how it wants to behave. However, with experience, you realise that you can tell it what to do, and in most of the cases it will do what you want.

I have also learnt that not every surgery that is difficult necessarily ends up producing a bad result (it is often the other way around)-it can be surprisingly good even though it was a difficult surgery. These are mysteries that we still need to understand.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF QUARTER-DMEK SURGERIES?

Quarter-DMEK surgery was invented at NIIOS and the first series was recently published. The surgery was offered to patients with central Fuchs dystrophy and not those with bullous keratopathy. The rationale for this is as follows.

Fuchs dystrophy is a disease that sometimes only causes central guttae with mild or localised corneal oedema, but still-functioning peripheral endothelial cells. So, in a similar way to how Dr Melles invented DMEK, to offer a selective treatment for the patient that only treats the diseased endothelium and DM, we took that thinking a step further. We asked: is standard DMEK, with its 9.0 mm descemetorhexis (i.e., removal of the DM and endothelium) and round 8.5–9.5 mm graft, really the most selective treatment for all forms of Fuchs dystrophy?

If you have a patient with Fuchs disease but only central guttae that cause visual disturbances such as stray lights during activities such as driving, it would seem sensible to remove just this small diseased central portion and provide the person with a small graft piece for quick visual rehabilitation while sustaining his/her own peripheral cells. This is the idea with quarter-DMEK; you can use endothelial donor tissue more efficiently, hence instead of one standard graft, you can recover four quarter DMEK grafts from one donor cornea.

Endothelial keratoplasty brought us new understandings in cell biology and physiology. Further innovations are possible because of how the endothelial cells react and how they migrate after DMEK surgery. It is not just simply a case of placing some graft tissue in the eye: much more than this takes place.

WILL YOU BE ABLE TO USE PATIENTS’ OWN CELLS TO TREAT CERTAIN DISEASES IN THE FUTURE?

Potentially, yes. A lot is happening in this field at the moment. For example, in ‘Descemet stripping only’ or ‘Descemet stripping without endothelial keratoplasty’ for Fuchs disease, foreign tissue is not used, so there is no transplant. As a consequence, there is no risk of tissue rejection and so you avoid the problem of repeated transplants.

In this procedure, surgeons remove the DM and the endothelial layer in the centre of the cornea, which allows the cells from the periphery to migrate inwards to the centre and clear up the cornea. However, we still don’t know which cases should be treated without a transplant (and still profit from this treatment with fast visual recovery), so we currently feel that if we transplant a smaller quarter DMEK graft just in the centre of the optical axis and use it for these kinds of patients, then we will have combined the benefits of the migration approach, use less graft tissue with the chance of further reduction of rejection, and still give the patient fast visual rehabilitation.

In addition, a lot of research is being carried out on approaches with cell injections and cell carriers. I think we will still be doing some DMEKs for a couple of years, but it is likely such innovations will shake up the field again.


	DR LAMIS BAYDOUN, MD
	E: lamisbaydoun@hotmail.com
	Dr Baydoun is a consultant ophthalmic surgeon at the ELZA Institute, Zurich/Dietikon, Switzerland and at the Department of Ophthalmology at the University Hospital Muenster, Germany.

Articles

Being the ‘boss’ of the graft

I spoke with Prof. Christophe Baudouin, president of the European Dry Eye Society to find out more about the complex nature of dry eye disease.

Could you tell me more about the pathogenesis of dry eye disease?

Dry eye is a very complex disease. It is not just a question of lack of water and so it is impossible to treat patients just by lubricating the eye with water. It is a disease that involves a series of self-stimulating biological events, and the lack of tears, insufficient tear quality or their instability results in direct mechanical and/or osmotic stress, which causes further damage.

In addition, goblet cell loss results in further tear film instability or imbalance and thus, dryness. The drier the eyes become, the more inflammatory they become and the greater the inflammation, the more the eyes continue to dry out, i.e., a vicious cycle occurs (see Figure 1).

To give more context on the vicious cycle theory, the dryness of the eye stimulates the nerves, the inflammatory reaction and inflammatory cells, and those act as stimulation for further damage, and so tears and their quality are reduced further, resulting in the disease becoming chronic.

Overall, the disease is very complex, with many risk factors, causes and aetiologies having been defined. As a result, it is difficult to resolve.

How are primary and secondary inflammatory processes involved in the disease?

There is a constant state of inflammation with the most severe dry eye cases, and this can be primary; for example, as seen with Sjogren syndrome, where inflammatory cells infiltrate and block the lacrimal glands, as well as the conjunctiva and cornea, and thus invade the whole ocular surface. Secondary processes are also involved: the various types of stress including mechanical and osmotic factors also stimulates inflammatory cells and results in a chronic inflammatory state.

What do you think future treatment strategies need to focus on?

The increasing interest in the idea of the vicious cycle allows us to discriminate between different levels of events: the mechanical stress, the osmotic stress and the inflammatory stress, for example. This new way of understanding the disease may allow the physician firstly to try to prevent the patient from entering the cycle, which is important and can be made possible by controlling the environment, improving the eyelid and decreasing inflammation. Secondly, each part of the loop can be targeted with a specific approach such as lubrication, eyelid hygiene, anti-inflammatory strategies and maybe even Omega-3.

And so there are different complementary approaches that can improve the patient’s symptoms. That said, sometimes it is very difficult to help the patient and they can suffer a lot.

To discuss a further complication of dry eye, we are increasingly starting to understand the concept of neuropathic pain in dry eye disease. Sometimes, the overstimulation of the nerve causes chronic pain and so even when the cornea and tears have been improved, patients can continue to suffer.

And once neuropathic pain has been stimulated, it can be very difficult to control it. Therefore, a good future treatment approach would be to find the best ways of relieving pain symptoms either locally or systemically.

Another consideration is in how we treat and control inflammation. In Europe, there is only one ciclosporin formulation indicated for severe dry eye disease with corneal damage, Ikervis (Santen), whilst the United States market has the prescription eyedrop Restasis (Allergan).

Another medication for the treatment of signs and symptoms of dry eye, which is available in some countries, is lifitegast (Xiidra, Takeda Pharmaceutical), which blocks the activation of lymphocytes. Unfortunately, this drug is not available in Europe and so other anti-inflammatory strategies are needed here.

In addition, the eyelids are likely to be the location of a lot of inflammation and so represent potential targets. In fact, various strategies to treat the eyelids have been developed, based on pulse light or warming and massaging devices, and are certainly a good way of relieving the patient’s symptoms.

Has the incidence of dry eye disease increased during the COVID-19 pandemic as screen time has increased?

We do not yet have epidemiological data to assess, however, it is clear that long hours working at, or reading on, a computer do affect dry eye and there is a clear association between the two. So, most likely, patients who have dry eye are suffering more during this time.

Furthermore, it has also been found that wearing a mask seems to interfere with eyelids and lead to meibomian gland dysfunction, perhaps by blocking the lymphatics at the level of the eyelids or by focusing an air flow on the eyes, so some people are finding that their dry eyes have been worsening due to their mask use.


Prof. Baudouin is professor and chair of ophthalmology at Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital & Vision Institute, University Paris Saclay, Paris, France. He has no financial interest in the subject matter.

The vicious cycle theory is a new way of understanding dry eye disease and may help improve prevention and treatment strategies. 

How dry eye disease can become a complex vicious cycle

The coronavirus pandemic has triggered a seismic shift in the way ophthalmologists interact with their patients, forcing them to think on their feet and find ways to quickly adapt their workflows. 

However, as the crisis continues, it is becoming apparent that some of the changes they have had to make, such as increasingly opting for virtual consultations, could become more permanent, as evidence of their benefits to doctors and patients alike starts to mount. 

Arguably, the pandemic has paved the way for greater opportunities for positive change within ophthalmology and indeed, in healthcare in general.

I asked Prof. Mariya Moosajee, consultant ophthalmic surgeon and clinical academic ophthalmologist at Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, how her working life has changed and how those who specialise in providing services for genetic eye disorders can continue to provide the best care for their patients both during the pandemic and beyond.

Prof. Moosajee’s speciality is genetic eye disease, so the majority of her patients have been deemed non-urgent during the pandemic. 

A lot of such patients across the UK have seen their appointments cancelled, but Prof. Moosajee decided to consult all her patients virtually from the start of the crisis.

How have you had to adapt your workplace during the pandemic?

I have been able to work from home and consulted patients either by telephone or using ‘NHS attend anywhere,’ a secure web-based platform for patients with pre-arranged video consultation appointments, that was nationally funded by National Health Service (NHS) England and NHS Improvement to support NHS trusts and foundation trusts in their response to the COVID-19 outbreak.

I hold my clinics at the same time as they would have been held pre-COVID-19 and allocate patients to my team. I then meet with my colleagues at the end of every clinic on Microsoft Teams so that they can present each case.

We discuss the patients’ future management as a multidisciplinary team; we have a family support officer; a developmental paediatrician; a genetic counsellor; an extended role orthoptist; a low vision optometrist and a paediatric ophthalmology fellow. If we feel our patients need a low vision assessment or specific paediatric input (as a vast number of genetic eye disease patients have systemic features), then the relevant personnel will follow up the patient with a further phone call. It has worked really well; we have consulted 220 patients in total: 150 children and 70 adults with genetic eye disease.

We are restarting face-to-face clinics in the next month. At that stage we will have prioritised patients that will need to come in for clinical assessment and to give blood samples for genetic testing.

Adults who have had recent ophthalmology assessments locally or in other services at Moorfields can be sent blood packs which enables them to take their own blood without having to travel into London and send the sample back to us so we can process it for genetic testing. In fact, the whole process can be undertaken remotely.

What are your views on virtual consultations?

I have been pushing for virtual consultations in genetics for a long time. Prior to COVID-19 (last April–June 2019), we undertook a patient-reported survey with just over 100 paediatric or adult participants, who were either new or follow-up patients, to ascertain their views on virtual consultations and their acceptability.

We found that over 65% percent of participants prefer to have their investigations carried out locally, followed by a virtual consultation with specialists at Moorfields Eye Hospital for the review of these results. Adult participants favour video calls, with contact via the telephone being the least popular response.

The opposite is true for parents and guardians of children, who prefer contact via telephone over video call. There was no difference between the views of new or follow-up patients. Interestingly, despite most patients preferring virtual contact, the majority do not want to be seen virtually for every appointment until a treatment or trial becomes available.

What innovations do you think might be needed in the future?

I do not think we can go back to the way we were working. We can greatly increase our efficiency and patient experience by a combination of virtual and face-to-face consultations.

Patients do not want to wait for hours to have imaging and see a consultant, but they definitely want to see specialists who know about their rare genetic eye condition and who can assess the results of investigations undertaken locally, as well as inform them of the latest research and trials.

The long, detailed records we take in genetics on the onset and progression of symptoms, and prenatal, birth and family history can all be undertaken virtually. Genetic counselling is also a lengthy process that involves an unrushed conversation to ensure patient understanding of the complex topic of inheritance and genetic mutations, informed consent and family planning.

Studies in cardiac and oncogenetics in the Netherlands showed high levels of patient satisfaction for those receiving virtual genetic counselling. I would strongly recommend Telegenetics moving forwards.

In the UK, genomic medicine services are being introduced across all medical specialities, funding for genetic testing is becoming centralised and whole genome sequencing will soon be available to most patients on the NHS. We are trying to encourage more ophthalmologists around the country to order genetic tests for patients.

Moorfields Eye Hospital is also hoping to provide a virtual genomic service to ophthalmologists, to offer guidance and advice on how to manage genetic eye disease patients locally without the need to send them to tertiary referral centres unless necessary. I think this will be a huge step forward for patients who have previously not been able to access genetic services due to local funding restrictions.

I have also created an open access web-resource called Gene.Vision, which is an A-Z of genetic eye disease with two interfaces; one for healthcare professionals and the other for patients. The version for patients includes in-depth sections on how to cope with sight loss and associated aspects of daily life that can be affected, such as driving, education and employment.

The aim of the resource is to feature the signs; symptoms; genetic causes; patient management; referral needs; current information on research and trials for a disease/gene; and any support groups that would be beneficial for the patient, for each genetic eye disease. It has been tested by patients with sight loss with input from digital accessibility consultants, one of who is deaf-blind with Usher syndrome. It will be launched next month (www.gene.vision).

How can you best serve your patients during the pandemic?

Most genetic eye disease patients had their appointments cancelled during the lockdown. When you are forced into isolation, it can cause some individuals to focus more strongly on their own health and well-being.

Calls to sight loss charity helplines increased but they had no expertise to answer the medical queries. So, I offered to undertake a voluntary weekly ‘Ask the expert session’ for Retina UK, Microphthalmia, Anophthalmia and Coloboma Support (MACS) charity and Aniridia Network.

I spoke to at least six patients per session and every caller had a valid reason to get in touch; issues raised included not getting access to expert services, deterioration in vision and interestingly, I received a number of calls from patients who were experiencing increased visual hallucinations as part of Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS). Based on this anecdotal evidence, we undertook a survey of 45 elderly patients with sight loss due to CBS, with over 40% of them having macular-related disease.

Over 55% of patients reported increased frequency of visual hallucinations;

Approximately 50% had alterations in the nature of their hallucinations and emotional response in terms of more sinister hallucinations, with more associated fear and anxiety; and

Nearly 70% felt greater feelings of loneliness but 60% had not accessed support services.

It is clear from this that we must learn to stay connected with our patients, ensuring they do not feel isolated. Sending a letter of cancellation or discharge is not appropriate during these difficult times. A phone call by an eye clinic liaison officer or genetic counsellor can be very gratefully received by patients. Sight loss charities may be able help in this regard but, like many, they have been suffering from reduced income and furloughed staff. 

Prof. Mariya Moosajee, MBBS, BSc, PhD, FRCOphth

E:  m.moosajee@ucl.ac.uk
Professor Moosajee has no financial disclosures.

COVID-19: How one ophthalmologist is dealing with non-urgent cases 

The respiratory symptoms caused by the severe acute respiratory coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that has been sweeping the world since late 2019 are well documented, given the regularity and consistency with which they occur. However, the role of the eyes and tears both as entry routes for the causative virus, SARS-CoV-2, and as sources of contagion are still the subject of debate, and relatively less is known about the ophthalmic implications of the disease.

It would appear from some recent studies that patients who experience the more severe forms of COVID-19 and present with pneumonia commonly display ocular symptoms. However, the authors of a recent Chinese study of 38 patients concluded that although a third of patients with the disease had ocular abnormalities, there was a low prevalence of the virus in tears1,2.

Nevertheless, it is possible that contact with infected eyes could be a route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, especially given the knowledge that it can be spread via direct or indirect contact with other mucous membranes (the mouth and nose), so ophthalmologists should err on the side of caution and ensure rigorous prevention protocols are put in place.

In a literature review recently published in 

, Prof. Jorge Alió and Dr Alejandra Amesty reported that when it occurred, conjunctivitis was the most common ophthalmologic sign related to coronavirus infection1. And there are clues from previous coronavirus outbreaks as to why this should be the case: inflammation of the conjunctiva was first associated with a human coronavirus back in 2004 when children started to fall prey to the symptoms during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) crisis.

Genetically speaking, SARS-CoV-2, the virus that caused SARS, is around 70% similar to SARS-CoV and uses the same receptor (ACE2) to insert itself into human cells. This is potentially quite significant when one considers that ACE2 receptors have been found in the aqueous humour3.

But could the fact that conjunctivitis is mainly being seen in the most poorly patients mean that the presence of the virus on the surface of the eye and subsequent ocular events are down to decreased immune function? The researchers do not think so: “Both viral diseases and immune problems can lead to ocular manifestations, such as conjunctivitis, uveitis, retinitis, among others. It is difficult to determine the pathology of the ophthalmic involvement. However, since the virus has been cultured from conjunctival secretions, COVID-19 ophthalmopathy is more likely to be related to the actual virus infestation rather than the secondary immune reaction that the infection may cause.”

Any sign of conjunctivitis in the clinical setting should be considered to be a “possible coronavirus conjunctivitis, especially when accompanied by other respiratory tract problems or fever”, the authors pointed out.

Thankfully, viral conjunctivitis usually amounts to no more than an uncomfortable nuisance, so treatment strategies are typically supportive in nature. That said, it is important to try to lessen the potential viral load on the ocular surface and some of the general ophthalmic recommendations for viral conjunctivitis could also apply to COVID-19 patients.

“These include hygienic measures (frequent hand washing, especially when eye drops need to be applied or contact lenses worn; avoiding touching or rubbing the eyes; changing pillowcases, sheets) … we should be meticulous when examining patients who have tested positive for COVID-19.”

The close face-to-face proximity of ophthalmologists to their patients and frequent exposure to tears and ocular discharge, as well as regular handling of equipment such as slit lamps, tanometers and lasers, means they are perhaps at a higher risk of contracting COVID-19 than other types of healthcare professionals, the researchers said, referring to recent guidelines that have been published in an attempt to minimise the chances of infection spreading in ophthalmology clinics and hospital departments.4,5

In the guidance, ophthalmologists are advised to impose limits on the number of attending patients and to adhere to strict appointment timetables to prevent people from gathering in clinic waiting rooms. Online platforms, such as hospitals’ official websites, should be readily used, whilst simply making more telephone calls could reduce the need for patients to visit hospitals, for example, by helping them to distinguish between urgent and nonurgent ocular problems.

The guidelines go on to recommend triage systems to help to flag up patients with symptoms consistent with COVID-19 infection such as fever, and online ordering and delivery of prescribed medication, especially for chronic eye diseases such as glaucoma.

Recommendations for handling a patient’s visit include:

Reducing the number of accessible entry points to the hospital/clinic;

Screening patients for COVID-19 symptoms and contact history with confirmed or suspected within the past 14 days;

Seeing patients with eye infections in separate clinics with their own waiting areas;

Testing patients more than twice for evidence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the conjunctival sac and tears;

Limiting numbers of people in examination rooms;

Ensuring rooms are well ventilated and instruments used disinfected immediately after a patient’s visit; and

In addition, slit lamps should be protected by shields and direct ophthalmoscope examination could be replaced by slit light lenses, optical coherence tomography or fundus photography.

For inpatients, the suggested adaptations include preoperative infection screening and use of local rather than general anaesthesia to avoid contamination. Negative-pressure operating rooms should be used for emergency operations on any COVID-19-positive patients.

Human coronavirus is believed to be able to remain infectious on inanimate surfaces for as many as 9 days6, so disinfecting surfaces with water, detergent and commonly used disinfectants is extremely important, Prof. Alió and Dr Amesty explained. In addition, they suggested that some ocular spray disinfectants that contain hypochlorous acid (usually applied to treat blepharitis in order to reduce bacterial and viral load on the skin and eyelashes) could be used as “a measurement of prevention for the facial area where many other chemical agents cannot be applied”.

However, more studies are needed to establish a specific antiviral product that could be used to reduce the viral load on infected patients’ conjunctiva and lower the transmission rate via the eyes/tears. The authors conceded that this is no easy task when “so many doubts still remain regarding the ophthalmic implications” of the infection.

Summarising, the authors have called for “well-designed trials” to be conducted “to rule out other ocular manifestations [besides conjunctivitis] that may result from COVID-19 infection and to better elucidate the mechanisms of transmission through the eyes.”

Until more light can be shed on the ophthalmic implications of COVID-19, ophthalmologists can only remain as up-to-date as possible on emerging disease findings, whilst maintaining a cautious approach when dealing with patients before, during and after appointments.

1. Amesty MA, Alió del Barrio JL, Alió JL. COVID-19 disease and ophthalmology: An update.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-020-00260-y

Wu P, Duan F, Luo C, et al. Characteristics of ocular findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei Province. China 

https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.1291

Holappa M, Vapaatalo H, Vaajanen A. Many faces of renin-angiotensin system—focus on eye. 

Lai THT, Tang EWH, Chau SKY, et al. Stepping up infection control measures in ophthalmology during the novel coronavirus outbreak: an experience from Hong Kong. 

Yong Y, Ruixue T, Xu S, et al. A comprehensive Chinese experience against SARS-CoV-2 in ophthalmology. 

Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents

Prof. Alió is professor and chairman of ophthalmology at the Miguel Hernandez University of Elche and scientific director at Vissum in Alicante, Spain. He has no financial interests in the subject matter.

Emerging data on conjunctivitis cases in COVID-19 patients necessitate high levels of caution and a meticulous approach during the pandemic.

Author | Caroline Richards, editor, Ophthalmology Times Europe®

Articles

How dry eye disease can become a complex vicious cycle

COVID-19: How one ophthalmologist is dealing with non-urgent cases

The ophthalmic implications of COVID-19: What we know so far

Being the ‘boss’ of the graft