Study examines pairing phacoemulsification with implantation of stents

Findings of a cost-utility analysis confirm that from the perspective of the Italian national health system, a dual procedure combining phacoemulsification with implantation of two trabecular microbypass stents (iStent inject, Glaukos) is a cost-effective option for the treatment of mild to moderate open-angle glaucoma, compared with cataract surgery alone, according to Dr Antonio M. Fea.

“Many patients with glaucoma develop cataracts and the iStent inject has been shown to lower IOP and reduce the usage of ocular hypotensive medications in randomised studies comparing concurrent iStent inject and cataract surgery with cataract surgery alone,” said Dr Fea, who is a professor in the Department of Surgical Sciences and the head of the Glaucoma Unit at the University of Turin in Italy. “Our study demonstrates the cost-effectiveness of the combined surgery vs cataract surgery alone in a base case model with confirmation of its robustness through sensitivity analyses.”

The analysis simulated outcomes and costs over a lifetime horizon using a Markov chain. The model is built on mild, moderate, advanced and severe open-angle glaucoma being four mutually exclusive states through which patients can progress irreversibly at 1-month cycles.

“When patients experience disease progression despite active treatment, they are assumed to undergo subsequent treatment, which in this case is trabeculectomy,” Dr Fea explained.

The model was populated with efficacy data extracted from the iStent inject clinical trials and published literature. Quality adjusted life years (QALYs) were estimated as the sum of life years spent in each health state weighted by the associated utilities. The utilities associated with the different health states were extracted from studies published in the peer-reviewed literature.

“Because of differences in costs throughout Italy, we decided to consider only direct healthcare costs, including the costs of the primary and subsequent procedures, medications, disease monitoring and adverse events,” Dr Fea pointed out. The base case results showed that as measured by QALY survival, the combined glaucoma-cataract surgery procedure was more effective than cataract surgery alone (11.38 QALYs vs 11.28 QALYs, respectively). Although the use of the stents led to a slight increase in total costs, the combined surgery was cost-effective compared with cataract surgery alone, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), which represents the ratio of the difference in cost and the difference in QALYs, of €12,717 per QALY gained.

Additional analyses conducted to assess the robustness and reliability of the base case results included one-way deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. The one-way deterministic sensitivity analysis showed the ICER variability was modest, ranging from approximately €8700 to €24,000 per QALYs gained. The probability sensitivity analyses showed the probability of the combined surgery being cost-effective was about 98% at a willingness to pay threshold of €50,000 per QALY and was still 91% at the commonly accepted willingness to pay threshold of €30,000 per QALY, Dr Fea noted.

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Antonio M. Fea, MD
e: antoniomfea@gmail.com
This article is based on a paper presented by Dr Fea at the ESCRS 2020 virtual meeting. Dr Fea is a consultant to EyeD, Glaukos, iSTAR Medical, Ivantis and ELT Sight and receives research support from Allergan.