Noninvasive retinal stimulation achieved via ultrasound
Researchers at the University of Southern California have stimulated the retinas of blind mice using focused ultrasound technology.
According to a USC news release, ophthalmologists may be able to use electronic technology to directly stimulate retinal neurons by implanting electrode devices inside the eye, a technique that requires expensive and invasive surgery.
Research by the USC Gayle and Edward Roski Eye Institute from several years ago indicates that the number of Americans with visual impairment or blindness is expected to jump to more than 8 million by the year 2050.
With the youngest baby boomers reaching 65 years old by 2029, age-related eye diseases and conditions are expected to swell during what’s being called the “silver tsunami.”
Many cases of visual impairment are likely to be caused by retinal degenerative diseases, the progressive degeneration of the light-sensitive photoreceptors in the retina. As a result, there likely will be a growing need for new technologies that treat vision loss due to diseases of photoreceptor degeneration.
While there are no successful non-invasive therapeutics currently available for the treatment of vision loss, researchers at USC have come up with a new idea to address this growing problem.
The university noted that a research team in the USC Viterbi School of Engineering’s Department of Biomedical Engineering is exploring a non-surgical solution that could restore sight by using another of the five senses.
Sound.
Ultrasound technology
“This is innovative technology,” Qifa Zhou, professor of biomedical engineering and ophthalmology at USC, said in a statement. “Right now, we are doing animal studies trying to use ultrasound stimulation to replace electric stimulation.”
The university noted that the research group is led by Zhou, and Mark S. Humayun, professor of ophthalmology and biomedical engineering at USC, and one of the inventors of Argus II—the world’s first artificial retina.
“The technology is advantageous since no surgery is required and no device will be implanted inside the body,” Gengxi Lu, a PhD student in Zhou’s lab, said in the news release. “A wearable ultrasound device will generate ultrasound waves to stimulate the retina”.
Similar to how shapes and bright spots appear when you gently push on your eyeball with your eyes closed; researchers realized that applying pressure to the eye can activate neurons and send signals to the brain.
Unlike a normal eye that is activated by light, the blind eyes were stimulated by mechanical pressures generated by ultrasound waves in this study.
“The neurons present in the retina of the eye possess mechanically sensitive channels that respond to mechanical stimulation,” Lu explained. “These neurons are activated when we use ultrasound to generate mechanical pressure.”
How it works
To test this ultrasound approach, in pre-clinical studies the team at USC stimulated a blind rat’s eyes using high-frequency ultrasound waves that are inaudible to humans.
The university noted that the technology used in this research is comparable to the ultrasound probe used for baby imaging that sends and receives sound waves through a pregnant patient’s abdomen.
In this case, for retinal stimulation the research group created a small ultrasound device that can be directed at a specific region of the eye to send sound waves to the retina, which is located in the back of the eye.
Using these high-frequency sounds that can be manipulated and focused on a specific area of the eye; the study demonstrated that when the ultrasound waves are projected as a pattern—for example, the letter ‘C’—the rat’s brain was able to pick up a similar pattern.
Unlike in humans, researchers are unable to get direct answers about the rat’s visual experiences during the ultrasound stimulation.
To answer these questions of what exactly the rat was able to visualize from the ultrasound waves, the team measured visual activity directly from the rat’s visual brain area known as the visual cortex by attaching a multi-electrode array.
Based on the visual activities recorded from the brain, researchers found the rat was able to perceive visualizations comparable to the ultrasound stimulation pattern projected to the eye. This work was just published in BME Fronters (Science Partner Journal).
The future
According to the university, the research is currently funded by a four-year, $2.3 million grant from the National Eye Institute (NEI). The team recently applied for another NEI translational grant to take their studies to the next level.
The university also noted that studies are conducted mostly using rodent models. However, the release noted that the team plans to test this approach using non-human primate models prior to conducting human clinical trials.
“Right now, we are using a transducer placed in front of the rat’s eyeball to send the ultrasound signals to the retina, but our final goal is to create a wireless lens transducer” Zhou said.
While the team is currently analysing the capabilities of ultrasound technology for vision study, their future goal is to generate sharper images and install the ultrasound transducer on a wearable contact lens for next generation.
According to the university, there is also a pending patent for this novel ultrasound technology that hopes to change the way visual impairment is treated years down the road.
