Caffeine has been shown to temporarily increase intraocular pressure and reduce blood flow in critical ocular regions
A study that explored the effects of caffeine on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and retinal vessel density (VD) assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) found that 200 mg of caffeine elevated the BP after 2 hours but did not impact the retinal VD, according to first author Mitchell Jacobs, MD, from the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, and colleagues.1
Previous studies, according to the investigators, have reported contradictory findings, with some suggesting adverse effects on the BP and cardiovascular risk, while meta-analyses proposed potential cardiovascular benefits.2-7 In contrast, the vascular and anti-inflammatory effects of caffeine are associated with a 65% decreased risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease.8,9
In the eye, caffeine can temporarily increase the intraocular pressure and reduce blood flow in critical ocular regions.10,11 Other studies using OCTA reported that caffeine consistently leads to decreased VD, suggesting a vasoconstrictive effect on the retinal circulation,12,13 according to Dr Jacob and colleagues.
In light of these conflicting findings, the investigators used OCTA to determine how 200 mg of caffeine affects the SBP and DBP and VD in a prospective, randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled study. The study included 59 healthy coffee drinkers who ingested less than 136 mg of caffeine daily. Forty-two participants were randomly assigned into the caffeine group and received a 200-mg caffeine pill, and 17 were assigned to the placebo group.
OCTA was performed at 60 and 120 minutes after the intervention. The VD was measured in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) after the SBP and DBP measurements were recorded before each imaging session.
The findings showed that 2 hours after the intervention, the caffeine group had a significantly higher SBP (123 ± 7 mmHg) and DBP (81 ± 5 mmHg) compared to the control group (118 ± 7 mmHg, 77 ± 6 mmHg, respectively) (p =0.012, 0.023, respectively).
No significant differences were seen in the VD between the caffeine and placebo groups, regardless of whether the scans were centered on the macula or optic nerve head.
Dr Jacobs and colleagues concluded that 200 mg of caffeine elevated the BP after 2 hours but did not impact the retinal VD. “This underscores the intricate relationship between caffeine, BP and retinal vascular dynamics, prompting further exploration of their implications for ocular health, especially in subjects with vascular disease,” they commented.